The University of Pavia is one of the oldest universities in Europe. An edict issued by King Lotharius quotes a higher education institution in Pavia as already established in 825; the Studium generale was officially established by Emperor Charles IV in 1361. Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) is only one of a large group of famous professors who taught at the University of Pavia, together with Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576), Antonio Scarpa (1752-1832) and Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) Nobel prize in Medicine in 1906. Today Pavia is a Research University, offering a wide variety of disciplinary and interdisciplinary teaching in Economics, Pharmacy, Law, Engineering, Literature & Philosophy, Medicine & Surgery, Science (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Natural Science), Political Science and Musicology. The University offers Degree and Master Courses, Doctorates, Post-graduate Schools, Specialization Courses. Research is carried out in departments, institutes, clinics, centres, and laboratories in close association with public and private institutions, enterprises and companies. The University of Pavia enjoys a strong tradition of international student and teacher exchanges: bilateral agreements involve, among others, the historical universities of Coimbra, and many universities in Europe, the Middle East, the Mediterranean area, the United States of America, China, Japan and many other countries.